Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy

Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy

文章日期：2013-06-25 09:10

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X13001255
Rahmadi Sunoko, Hsiang-Wen Huang*, 2014, Indonesia tuna fisheries development and future strategy. Marine Policy. 

Highlights

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Bilateral cooperation, joint venture and chartering empowered Indonesia tuna fisheries from 1970s to 1990s.

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‘Indonesia’ participated fisheries organizations and strengthens domestic managements in 2000s.

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After five stages of development, Indonesian became number one tuna production country in 2004.

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Indonesia needs to build capacity, data collection, and marketing for sustainable tuna fisheries development.

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碩士畢業口試須知Part 1 by Henry

文章日期：2013-06-05 10:38

一、  口試申請

1. 線上申請口試開始日期為4/20，至4/30截止(確切時間請查行事曆)，請在開始申請前10天(約4/10)，與老師討論口試委員名單，之後開始聯繫各口試委員，範本如下(請將指導教授列為副本)：

2012利用航程記錄器和漁獲日誌資料探討臺灣沿近海延繩釣漁業之作業模式

 Using Voyage Data Recorder and Logbooks Data to Explore the Fishing Pattern of longline Fisheries in the Coastal Water of Taiwan

研究生: 陳彥君 Yan-Chun Chen

延繩釣漁業為我國重要漁業，佔沿近海漁業總產量的10%。本研究利用2010年間，在臺灣沿近海作業之24艘CT0~CT4(CT0為5噸以下、CT1為5噸以上未滿10噸、CT2為10噸以上未滿20噸、CT3為20噸以上未滿50噸、CT4為50噸以上未滿100噸)延繩釣漁船的航程記錄器(Voyage Data Recorder，VDR)資料共554 航次，分析其作業模式。結果顯示，延繩釣漁船依噸級別之不同，會有不同之作業船速，其中CT0~CT3噸級鮪延繩釣漁船作業之船速分別在2.37節、3.76節、3.45及3.27節以下;而CT0~CT4噸級雜魚延繩釣漁船作業之船速，則分別在2.82節、3.80節、3.31節、5.62節及5.91節以下，且以前述所訂之船速加上一倍標準差為基準，在此基準以上為非作業、以下為作業。結果顯示，超過80%之作業航跡在此基準內。利用VDR 資料判別作業狀態時，大於CT2 漁船建議至少以每60分鐘資料為最佳選擇；CT1以下的船則以3分鐘為標準，若是想了解投繩、揚繩之間的區別，大於CT2漁船必須使用每30分鐘的資料。作業位置差距方面，CT0、CT1、CT4的船在VDR作業眾數和漁獲日誌資料平均相距小於3.5浬，CT2、CT3的船在VDR作業眾數和漁獲日誌資料平均相距超過5浬。在影響漁獲量的因子部分，以努力量、季節、噸級別、作業時間、投繩平均速度、揚繩平均速度、漁獲位置經、緯度為因子，使用一般線性迴歸，結果顯示，鮪延繩釣的漁獲量與季節、努力量、揚繩平均速度以及作業時間相關，而雜魚延繩釣的漁獲量與漁獲位置經、緯度及作業時間相關。鮪延繩釣夏季的捕獲量高於其他季節，而雜魚延繩釣在西部漁獲量高於東部、北部高於南部。本研究建議判斷延繩釣作業速度時，以投繩速度加一倍標準差的速度為分界，以上為非作業，以下為作業。本研究利用VDR資料得知漁船作業速度、作業時間、作業地點，可與漁獲日誌進行對照，得到較準確的資料，提供漁政單位作為管理之用。

 　　Longline fishery is one of the most important fisheries of Taiwan,

 which were accounted for over 10% of total catch. For understanding the fishing pattern of Taiwanese coastal longline fisheries, 554 trips data collected from 24 vessels Taiwanese coastal longline fishing CT0~CT4 vessels (CT0 is less than 5 tons, CT1 is for more than 5 tons less than 10 tons, CT2 is for more than 10 tons but less than 20 tons, CT3 is for more than 20 tons but less than 50 tons, CT4 is for more than 50 tons but less than 100 tons) were used to analysis of fishing pattern of these vessels. The results showed the fishing speed were 2.37 knot, 3.76 knot, 3.45 knot, 3.27 knot for CT0 to CT3 pelagic longline fishing vessels, respectively. For bottom longline fishing vessels, the fishing speed were less than 2.82 knot, 3.80 knot, 3.31 knot, 5.62 knot, and 5.91 knot for CT0 to CT4, respectively. Use this speed add a standard deviation as indicator can distinguish fishing and steaming, the accuracy was more than 80%. Regarding the appropriate time intervals, it is suggested that vessels larger than CT2 vessels interval should use 60 minutes interval. For those smaller than CT2, 3 minutes interval would be appropriate. For position, both of pelagic and bottom longliners showed the average fishing position difference of CT0, CT1, CT4 fishing vessels were less than 3.5 nautical miles between VDR and logbook data. However, the average fishing position difference were more than 5 nautical miles for CT2 and CT3 fishing vessels. Regarding the linear regression function of catch, fishing effort(number of hooks), season, tonnages, fishing time, speed, catch position(latitude and longitudes) were used as independent variables. Tuna longline catches

were correlation to season, fishing effort, average hauling speed and fishing time for tuna longline fisheries. The fishing position and the fishing time are correlated to catch of bottom longline catch. It showed tuna longline has high catch in summer, and bottom longline has higher catch in western than eastern, higher catch in north than south waters of Taiwan. This study suggests that average setting’s speed add a standard deviation could be defined as the fishing speed of longline fisheries. This study showed VDR data could be used to understand the fishing area, fishing time, and fishing speed, and further be applied to compare with the logbook and get useful information for management purpose.

2012印尼鮪漁業的管理及策略之研究

本文刊載於2014年 Marine Policy

2012印尼鮪漁業的管理及策略之研究

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:49

Study of Indonesia Tuna Fisheries Management and Strategy

研究生: 蘇諾卡 Rahmadi Sunoko

鮪漁業對印尼海洋漁業產量和產值貢獻匪淺。印尼海洋漁業潛在年產量是652萬公噸，2010年捕撈漁業產量為538萬公噸，印尼海洋事務和漁業部（MMAF）計畫於2010年至2014年間每年增加0.5％海洋捕撈漁獲量，望在2014增加到550萬公噸。然而，鮪魚資源在全球利用壓力下，鮪魚區域性漁業管理組織（RFMOs）紛以保育物種為前提進行鮪漁業管理。本研究旨在回顧印尼鮪漁業發展，包括對於鮪魚區域性漁業管理組織養護管理措施（CMMS）之遵守狀況、研究鮪魚產業對養護管理措施的知識，態度及行為（KAP），並對他們的看法進行分析。最後藉由SWOT 分析(Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats Analysis)及量化策略規劃矩陣(Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix Analysis, QSPM)提供印尼鮪漁業發展建議。印尼鮪漁業發展政策分為兩個階段，首先，對外資投資法No.1/1967的制定，著重於增加鮪魚產量，並推動許多措施包括漁業執照核發致度、外國投資漁船制度，振興各省漁業，鼓勵國內投資。第二，依總統條例No.7/2005制定，2004年至2009年國家中長期發展方案（RPJMN），其中鮪漁業為漁業部門三個振興方案之一。此期間，政府重點放在能提高附加價值的產品，和以生態系為基礎之管理（ESBM）。印尼於1985及1995年批准聯合國海洋法公約(UNCLOS)和海洋法公約有關跨界及高度洄游魚類種群保育與管理協定( UNFSA)，並成為印度洋鮪類委員會(IOTC)、南方黑鮪保育委員會(CCSBT)及中西太平洋漁業委員會(WCPFC)的成員。KAP分析發現，鮪漁船船主及運營商具有良好的基本知識，但對於鮪類區域性漁業管理組織及其養護管理措施的相關知識認知仍顯不足。然而，他們於養護管理相關措施持有良好態度。在養護管理措施上，他們實施漁船監控系統(VMS)，填寫漁獲報表，並有預防混獲的保育措施。對政府而言，業者對鮪漁業管理的看法相當寶貴。本研究提出以下策略俾利鮪漁業發展，依序為：制定具體的中長程計劃與足額預算編列、鮪魚科學資料收集、市場上多樣化的產品開發以及加強國際合作。

 Tuna has significant contribution in both volume and value of Indonesia’s marine capture production. The strategic plan 2010-2014 of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) Indonesia has targeted that catch of marine capture fisheries should increase at level of 0.5 percent/year. The capture fisheries production will plan to increase from around 5.38 million tonnes in 2010 to 5.50 million tonnes in 2014 while the marine capture fisheries potential is 6.52 million tonnes annually. However, tuna resources are under pressure of utilization, globally. Furthermore, the tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) attempt to manage tuna fisheries by strengthening conservation of stocks. The objective of research is to review the tuna fisheries development in Indonesia including the efforts to comply with the tuna RFMOs conservation and management measures (CMMs). The knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of tuna fishing industry on tuna CMMs related issues and their perception were analyzed. Finally, the research provided the strategies to develop tuna industry using Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) analysis and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM).

 There are two waves of policy on tuna industry development. First, after the Law No.1/1967 on the Foreign Capital Investment enacted, this was focused on increasing tuna production. Some policies have set up such as: licensing, vessel charter, and joint venture scheme for foreign investment, revitalized & established state companies on fisheries, also encourage domestic investment on fisheries. Second, after the National Medium-term Development (RPJMN) 2004-2009 enacted through President Regulation No.7/2005. Tuna is one of three revitalization programs on fisheries sector. In this period, government focus on enhancing value products besides increasing fishing production and implemented ecosystem based management (ESBM). Indonesia has adopted UNCLOS 1985 and 1995 UNFSA and became a member of IOTC, CCSBT, and WCPFC. The KAP analysis found that tuna fishing vessel owners/operators have good basic knowledge on the tuna RFMOs and their knowledge on CMMs was poor. However, their attitude on CMMs was good level. On CMMs practices, they implemented VMS, fill out logbook, and bycatch conservation measures. Their perception on tuna management is valuable input to government.

 Some strategies were suggested in order to develop tuna industry, with level of priority, respectively: formulate measurable long term, mid term, and action plans with budget needed; tuna data collection; market, quality & diversification product development; and enhance international cooperations.

2012越南峴港刺網漁業之經營效益分析

這篇文章於2014年刊載於Marine Policy

2012越南峴港刺網漁業之經營效益分析

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:48

 Economic Performance Analysis of the

研究生: 范青 Pham Thi Duy Thanh

越南海洋捕撈漁業屬於小型、多漁法、多漁具之經營方式，且並無船數限制。在政府鼓勵之下，漁撈能力不斷擴張，流網漁船比例超過30%，整體而言超過最大持續生產量且缺乏管控，因此，船隊漁撈能力之控制有其必要性。本研究目的在於檢視峴港流網漁業2010年之相關經濟指標，評估該船隊是否具有效益並且提供管理建議。

 本研究於2011年四到七月進行，針對45艘流網漁船船主進行問卷調查。結果顯示峴港流網船隊的毛利與利潤分別為1,161.2及139.8 百萬越幣 (分別為60,796美元及7,319美元)。燃料以及船員薪資為變動成本之主要支出，分別占44%及26%。結果亦顯示大船(引擎馬力超過90)的經濟效益較小船(引擎馬力小於90)為佳。小船的年收益甚至為負值(-0.4%毛利)。

 利用資料包絡法分析結果顯示，雖然峴港流網漁業2010年呈盈餘狀況，但其未使用漁撈能力達21%，整體船隊之技術無效率達10%。並有部分漁船在投入變數使用無效率。大船的油料、網片數、作業天數的過度使用率為7%、10%及3%。而小船則分別為7%、3%及7%。

 本研究結果建議結論顯示過度漁撈能力可能是因為投入變數的技術使用率以及近期政策鼓勵所致。因此，本研究提出政策改善建議，包括限制漁船自由建造(限制船數以及漁場作業權利)、收購小型以及無效率漁船，檢討油料、貸款等補貼措施，以及執行新政策以控制漁船投入。

 The marine capture fisheries in Vietnam are small scale, multi-species, multi-gear and open access regime. Under many incentives program from the government, the Vietnamese fishing fleet (of which the gillnet segment consists more than 30% in quantity) expand rapidly, beyond control. Therefore, manage the capacity of those fleets is necessary. The purpose of this study is to analysis economic performance in the year 2010 of the Da Nang gillnet fishery and provide management suggestions.

 Data were obtained from 45 gillnetters in Da Nang city by questionnaire through a survey conducted from April to July 2011. The results showed that the gross revenue and profit of the total fleet were 1,161.2 miilion VND (60,795.8 USD) and 139.8 million VND (7,319 USD), respectively. Fuel and labor were main costs among operating expenses, consisting of 44% and 26%, respectively. The study also showed that the large vessel (engine  90 hp) group had better economic performance than the small vessel group (engine < 90 hp); particularly, the small vessel group showed a negative profit in the operating year (-0.4% gross revenue).

 Through data envelopment analysis, results showed that though the Da Nang gillnet fishery operated profitably in the year 2010, yet they did not operate at full capacity since the unused capacity and the technical inefficiency were about 21% and 10%, respectively. In addition, there was less fishing vessels operated efficiently since they overused or used inefficiently variable inputs. The over-use of fuel, net sheets, and days at sea in the large vessel group were 7%, 10%, and 3%, respectively; whereas these ratio in the small ones were 7%, 3%, and 7%, respectively.

 It was suggested that overcapacity may be decomposed into a part resulting from technically optimal use of inputs, a part resulting from enhancing the current policies; hence, the study proposed some policy implications to the fisheries managers. These feasible policies may include restricting access control (limited entry and territorial use right), implementing buyback (to small vessels and unprofitable vessels), reviewing subsidies programs (fuel, loans), as well as implementing new regulations to control vessels’ input uses.

2011臺灣北部沿近海延繩釣漁業之產能與經營效益評估

Capacity and Economic Efficiency of Coastal and Offshore Longline Fisheries of Northern Taiwan

研究生: 徐鉦忠 Jeng-Jung Shiu

臺灣沿近海漁船筏約2萬2千餘艘，近十年漁船數與馬力數增加了5.6%及19%，而漁獲產量卻減少27%。其中延繩釣船數占沿近海總船數45%，臺北縣與基隆市延繩釣漁船占9%，屬於重要漁業種類之一，本研究欲了解延繩釣漁戶的經營效率、漁船產能狀況，以提供管理建議。調查時間自2009年7月至2010年1月，在臺北縣與基隆市主要漁港以問卷蒐集漁船資料。結果總計調查39艘延繩釣漁船，87%為專營漁業，船長平均年資30年，全年平均作業天數157天，單船漁獲量約12.9公噸，主要魚種為紅目鰱及赤鯮，占總漁獲量約47%。經濟指標方面，平均毛利約2,920千元，平均淨利約1515千元，投入成本主要為油料費及工資，兩者各占27%，漁獲處理費用18%，平均每船財務盈餘為676千元，較多20~50噸級漁船有虧損情形。資料包絡法 (Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA)分析結果顯示，79%漁船處於規模報酬遞減，產能利用率平均在0.8以上，10噸以下漁船最具技術效率。效率分群比較發現，油料費及漁獲量為造成效率差異的主因，造成漁獲量差異月份為2月、11月及12月，作業時段從晚上至白天的漁船有較好的漁獲量。最後以Tobit迴歸判斷影響效率及產能利用率因子發現，技術效率主要受作業地點及作業時段影響，在彭佳嶼附近作業對於技術效率具正面影響，產能利用率與船長的年資有顯著正相關。作業漁船成本調整，10~20噸效率低漁船，平均每船應減少餌料成本7%，20~50噸效率低漁船，平均每船應減少油料費20%及餌料費11%。政府減船收購對象可針對經營虧損、規模報酬遞減、技術效率低及產能利用率高的漁船。

 The number of total coastal and offshore fishing vessels was around 22000. The number and horsepower increased 5.6% and 19% in the recent ten years, respectively. However, the catches decreased around 27%. Among those fisheries, longline vessels was around 45% in number, which Taipei county and Keelung city were 9% of total longline vessels. The object of this research is to study the operational efficiency of those longline fishing vessels and provide management suggestions. The data was collected from July 2009 to January 2010 by questionnaire. The study collected data from 39 longline fishing vessels, which 87% fisherman were full-time fishermen. The average experience was 30 years. The total fishing days was 157 days and the catch per vessels was 12.9. The target species were Priacanthus macracanthus and Dentex tumifrons, were 47% of total catch in weight. Regarding the economic perforence, gross revenue and net revenue were around NT$ 2.9 million and NT$1.5 million. Fuel and crews were the main costs stand for 27% respectively. Bait was 18% among total costs. Financial profit was about NT$676 thousand in average. More fishing vessels between 20 to 50 have loss. Through data envelopment analysis, 79% vessels were decreased return to scale (DRS), average Capacity Utilization were larger than 0.8. Vessels less than 10 Gross tonnages had better efficiency. Fuel and catches were the main factors. In addition, catches in February, November and December were significant different between high efficiency and low efficiency groups. Vessel which working shift from night to day with more catches than at other working times. According to tobit regression, fishing ground and fishing time were the main factor to TE, a positive correlation between CU and captain’s experience. However, for those low efficiency vessels, which the tonnage between 10 to 20 should reduce 7% bait costs in average. Those vessels tonnage between 20 to 50 should reduce 20%fuel and 11% bait costs. In vessel buyback program, government could consider to buyback those fishing vessels which operate loss, DRS, with low TE and high CU ones.

  

2011臺灣民眾海洋意識之探討

這篇文章2013年刊在  Coastal Management

2011臺灣民眾海洋意識之探討

 Public Ocean Awareness in Taiwan

研究生: 游美慧 Mei-hui You

臺灣是個海島國家，過去受傳統大陸型思維模式影響，忽略環海的資源與優勢。近年來因應國際社會對海洋資源開發與保育的日益重視，我國政府開始以海洋為主軸，積極推展海洋政策，包括加強海洋教育，以帶動各項發展，落實「海洋興國」的目標。本研究旨在瞭解臺灣民眾對海洋環境的認識，並分析民眾對於海洋相關政策與議題的看法。研究對象為全臺灣（含離島）年滿20歲以上民眾，依據縣市人口比例採分層隨機抽樣，依據對海洋治理的態度、海洋環境保護的認知、海洋資源的保育及利用、海洋休閒與遊憩等四大議題設計問卷，調查於2010年10月至12月進行，利用電話成功完訪1120人，其中男性513人（45.8%），女性607人（54.2%），教育程度中以大學/專比例最高340人(34.8%），並對性別、年齡及教育程度進行事後分層加權。結果顯示民眾對海洋國家公園、海洋事務推行委員會、中華白海豚保護活動、海岸清潔及漁業管理等政策了解的比例不到20%。關於海洋環境保護之公共事務，超過6成的民眾對氣候暖化、漏油污染、珊瑚白化等環境議題上有普遍的認識，對禁止捕捉豆腐鯊和限制捕捉黑鮪有將近7成表示支持及認同，代表民眾日益重視海洋資源與環境的保育。有關海洋資源利用，48.4%民眾每週食用海鮮等魚類三次以上，其頻率相當高，但將近8成對於海鮮食品產銷履歷和生態標章並不熟悉。在海洋休閒與遊憩中，全臺42.2%的民眾會游泳，且男性會游泳比例高於女性。在海洋和水上遊憩活動、離島旅遊方面，有超過3成民眾較少參與，顯示民眾參與度仍有限，可再加強推展海洋休閒遊憩的活動及種類。本研究結果係首次針對臺灣民眾海洋整體議題的了解進行全面性調查。建議政府可透過新聞媒體中提昇民眾對海洋議題的認識及海洋生態資源的環保意識，同時向下扎根積極推展海洋教育，建立全民的海洋意識，以利臺灣整體海洋政策的推展。

 Taiwan is an island country. In the past, we ignored the resources and the advantages of the surrounding sea because of the traditional ideological mode of mainland. In recent years, because of the increasing attention on protection and conservation on marine resources of international society, Taiwanese government has adopted many marine policies, including strength of marine education, to implement the goal that ocean makes the country prosperous. The main objectives of this study are to investigate the public awareness of marine environment in Taiwan and analyze the perspectives related to marine issues. The samplings are stratified by county on the adult population who are 20-years old in Taiwan (including off-shore islands). The questionnaire was designed in accordance with the awareness of marine governance, marine environment and resources protection, marine resource care and use, and access to the sea and ocean recreational activity. The surveys had completed 1120 telephone interviewees (45.8% male and 54.2% female) during October to December in 2010. Regarding the education, the college graduates has highest percentage of 34.8%. Post-stratification weighting are conducted based on gender, age level and education level. The results showed less than 20% of the public had the knowledge of related policies such as marine national park, coastal cleaning, fishery industry management and etc. The public had higher recognition (66.3%) on marine protection issues such as global warming, oil leak pollution, oceanic garbage. In addition, more than 78.2% express support in prohibiting whale shark fishing and setting up bluefin tuna fishing limits. It means the public take the marine resource and the environment grdadually. Regarding the use of marine resources, 48.4% ate seafood or fishes 3 times a week. However, almost 80% were not familiar with traceability system and eco-label. Regarding the access to the sea capability, 42.2% of the public are capable of swimming; the percentage of male was higher than female. There were around 30% people did not participate on marine recreational activities. It showed there are space for outreach and promotion. This study is the first full survey on the public awareness of marine issues. It is suggested the government could introduce more ocean issues and conservation concept through media. In addition, conduct more ocean education, build public ocean awareness will be positive on the development of marine education and marine policy decision-making.

2011 臺灣遠洋鮪延繩釣漁船觀察員海上執勤天數之分配

2011 臺灣遠洋鮪延繩釣漁船觀察員海上執勤天數之分配

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:44

 Allocating observer sea days to Taiwanese distant water tuna longline fishing vessels

研究生: 林育宣 Yu-Xuan Lin

隨國際資源保育趨勢的發展，聯合國糧農組織及區域性漁業管理組織通過海鳥、海龜、鯊魚及鯨豚等重要混獲物種之保育措施，建議各國蒐集相關資料，並實施保育與管理措施。眾多資料蒐集方法中，觀察員計畫可提供混獲之詳實訊息，以供資源評估。但礙於經費等因素，並非所有漁船均皆可派遣觀察員登船紀錄，因此，本研究目的在於探討觀察員派遣方式，控制關鍵物種CPUE之變異係數，以提高資料可信度。

 本研究以2004 ~ 2007年間我國168航次遠洋鮪延繩釣漁船觀察員資料為基礎，以目標魚種及混獲物種 (包含鯊魚、海鳥、海龜及鯨豚類)單位努力漁獲量 (CPUE)作為分層依據，將三大洋依據季節、作業區域分層，利用拔靴法 (bootstrap)估算每分層內各物種之單位努力漁獲量，以及對應不同觀察員涵蓋率下之物種CPUE變異係數。並依據混獲物種之分布，選擇各分層之重要關鍵物種，估算在關鍵物種CPUE之變異係數設定在30%所需之觀察員涵蓋率。進而以各分區關鍵物種CPUE變異係數為分派基準，結合總派遣天數以及區域性漁業管理組織要求的涵蓋率，估算最適涵蓋率。

 結果顯示可將三大洋分成13區，其中南大西洋及西南印度洋區因分區內4季分層資訊齊全，資料筆數大於30且關鍵物種有顯著差異，予以季節分層。各分層關鍵物種變異係數控制在30%所需之觀察員涵蓋率最高者為南大西洋第1季 (關鍵物種為海鳥) 50%，最低者為南大西洋第2季、中大西洋、西北太平洋、西南太平洋及西南印度洋第1季皆為1%。以2009年觀察員62人換算全年可派遣最高執勤天數9548天進行分配，故建議全區關鍵物種CPUE變異係數控制於25%，大西洋平均涵蓋率為7.33%，太平洋為15.70%，印度洋為11.81%以上，區域分層方面，觀察員涵蓋率最高者為中西太平洋區之55%，最低者為東南印度洋區之4.58%。

 總結而言，並非所有分區之觀察員派遣涵蓋率皆需達5%，才能使資料變異係數控制於30%，在中大西洋區、南大西洋區的第1、3季及西北及西南太平洋等區域可以降低觀察員努力量，移至其他區域，如南大西洋第1季、中西太平洋及東北印度洋，故未來在執行觀察員分派時應做整體考量，兼顧資料可信度、人力負荷以及國際組織要求。

 Following the international trend on marine resources conservation, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and many Regional Fisheries Management Organizations adopted measures for conservation of important incidental catch species, include seabirds, sea turtles, sharks and marine mammals. Those organizations recommend related countries shall collect data and implement conservation and management measures. Among those data collection method, observer program could provide detail incidental catch information for evaluate the fisheries impacts on those bycatch species. However, not all fishing vessels could deploy observers because of budget limitation. The objective of this research is to discuss the observer coverage by control the coefficient of variance (CV) of catch per unit effort (CPUE), to improve the precision.

One hundred and sixty eight trips of Taiwanese distant water longline vessels observer trips data from 2004 to 2007 were used for analysis. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) of target species and bycatch species (including sharks, seabirds, seaturtles, and cetaceans) are used for spatial and temporal stratification. Bootstrap is used to estimate the CPUE and CV for each stratum under different observer coverage from 1% to 100%. The key conservation species are selected in accordance with their distribution. The observer coverage rate of key species under the CV =30% are considered as the minimum requirement for observer coverage requirement. In addition, the request from Regional fisheries management organizations, and total observers day are considered as well.

 The results showed thirteen sub-regions are separated. Among these sub-regions, south Atlantic Ocean and southwest Indian Ocean are further separated by seasons because the data are more than 30 in each stratum and the CPUE of key species are significant difference for seasons. Among these strata, the coverage rate ranged from 50% (first season of south Atlantic Ocean for seabirds) to 1% (second season of south Atlantic Ocean, central Atlantic Ocean, northwest Pacific Ocean, southwest Pacific Ocean and first season of southwest Indian Ocean). The total observer days is 9548 days based on the number of observers was 62. We could control the CV at 25% for three oceans; which the coverage rate was 7.33% for Atlantic Ocean, 15.7% for Pacific Ocean, and 11.81% for Indian Ocean. Among these sub-regions, the observer coverage rate was highest in central western Pacific Ocean (55%), and the lowest in the southeast Indian Ocean (4.58%).

 In conclusion, it is not necessary for all areas to deploy 5% observer to ensure the CV less than 30%. The central Atlantic Ocean, second and third season of south Atlantic Ocean, northwest and southwest Pacific Ocean could have less observer coverage. The additional observer could reallocate to other area, such as first season of south Atlantic Ocean, central western Pacific Ocean and northeast Indian Ocean. In the future, when deploying the observer, shall considered the data precision, total capacity of observer program and request from regional fisheries management organizations.

2010休閒水肺潛水者動機及行為研究 —以臺灣東北角龍洞灣為例

2010休閒水肺潛水者動機及行為研究 —以臺灣東北角龍洞灣為例

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:42

 A Study on Motivation and Behavior of Recreational SCUBA Diver - The Case study in Long-Dong Bay, Northeastern Taiwan

研究生: 羅力 Li Lo

隨著台灣社會的發展，民眾越來越重視休閒生活，其中休閒潛水人口的增加，使人為接觸海底環境之頻率遞增，因此本研究旨在探討潛水者特性、潛水動機與水下行為間的相互關係，提供管理者與經營者參考。本研究在2009年7月1日～2010年6月30日期間以北台灣東北角潛水活動較為密集的龍洞灣海域進行調查，經由潛水業者問卷調查結果顯示，此一年期間約有20,299人在此地潛水。由潛水動機問卷調查346份顯示，有65.3%的人是利用假日前來，其中以北北基（75%）且大專以上程度（87%）人數最多；以潛水者特性來看在樣區的女性潛水者為少數（32%），且女性在學歷、有導潛、收費區潛水等和男性潛水者有顯著差異；以潛水者動機來看，前六名依序為：和好朋友潛水、增加不同的生活體驗、沉浸在清涼的海水、天候的適宜、認識新朋友與訓練潛水技巧等，多為交友、天候及訓練為主要考慮因素。

 水下潛水行為調查88人發現，觸碰行為是會持續發生的，以擾動砂石（3.45次/人）為最多，定點停留（2.84次/人）次之，手主動觸碰（2.79次/人）第三；以潛水者擾動砂石總次數的水下行為來看，初級潛水者、體驗潛水者、潛水歷史次數在40次以內的潛水者為多數。此外，實施潛水前簡報後，珊瑚磨損總次數明顯減少，在有導潛的干預下，手主動觸碰總次數、定點拍攝總次數及定點停留總次數等行為皆有顯著減少。

 綜合上述結果，本研究建議第一、規劃提供浮潛、潛水旅客進入珊瑚礁區的步道，改善環境設施增加便利性與安全性，應可以提昇女性潛水的意願；第二、以訓練和觀光性質劃分潛水區域、用潛水資格區分收費標準；第三、強化潛水前簡報與導潛干預功能，可以減少對海洋環境的衝擊。

 Abstract

 With the development of Taiwan’s society, people pay more attention to their leisure time. The increasing population of scuba diving increase the interaction between humans and the marine environment. Therefore, to investigate the characteristics, the motivations and the behavior under the sea of recreational divers are essential for managers and operators. This study deployed from July 1 2009 to June 30 2010 at LongDong Bay, the northeastern Taiwan where scuba diving activities are most common. With the preliminary survey, the estimated annual divers were 20,299 in this area. According to the questionnaires investigation of divers (n=346 persons), it showed 66.1% divers came on holidays. Among them, most people are from Taipei City, Taipei County, and Keelung City (75%). Most of than (87%) are, with or higher college degree (87%). Regarding the characteristics of the divers, female divers are less (32%) and have significant differences from male divers in education, with dive masters and the preferred pay area. As for the motivations marked by the divers, the top six factors are as follows: (1) the joy to dive with friends; (2) the increase of the different life experiences; (3) the pleasure to immerse in the sea water; (4) the amiable weather; (5) the chance to meet new friends and (6) the training of the technique of scuba diving. Most people considered making friends, weather and training are major attractions.

Regarding from the under the sea behavior investigation of the divers (n=88 persons), the touching activities occurred continuously, and most of them were disturbing the gravel (3.45 time/per person); the second one is the remained in one point (2.84 time/per person); the third one is touching by hands (2.79 time/per person).For disturbing gravel, the primary divers, discover, and those diving less than 40 times divers have higher times. In addition, diving briefing have significant differences in decreasing the friction of corals. When dive masters interfered the divers, the touch by hands, fixed photo taking and the time for remained in one point have significantly decreased.

 Summarize from these results, this resesrch suggests that: (1) to construct coral reel trails for divers and improve basic facilities to encourage females’ willingness to scuba diving; (2) separate scuba diving areas to different areas, such as training areas and tourism areas and charge in accordance with the qualifications of scuba diving; (3) enhance the briefing before scuba diving and the interfering of the dive masters. These activities would be useful to decrease the impact of divers on the marine environment.

2010 台灣太平洋延繩釣漁業海鳥混獲之分析

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:40

Analysis of seabird bycatch of Taiwanese longline in the Pacific Ocean.

研究生:               陳翊蓁 Yi-Jen Chen

近年來漁業行為對海洋生物多樣性的影響，已引起諸多關切。延繩釣漁船於佈餌時，海鳥會伺機衝向魚餌搶食而被魚鉤鉤到，造成海鳥傷亡而影響其生物資源量。本研究針對太平洋台灣鲔延繩釣漁業對海鳥的影響進行評估，分析2004 至2008 年太平洋台灣鮪延繩釣漁船之觀察員資料，由觀察員紀錄之漁業作業項目中，與海鳥可能相關之變項，以相關檢定辨別變數間無共線性存在，再利用逐步迴(stepwise)程序選取模型的最佳組合，以此做為模型分析之候選參數，以泛線性模式 (Generalized linear model, GLM) 及泛加法模式 (Generalized additive model, GAM) 檢視延繩釣漁船對海鳥混獲之影響並透過Akaike information criterion (AIC) 之統計值篩選模型之最適模式。觀察員資料總計有56 航次，總觀察天數為3,973 天，總鉤數為10,192 千鉤，海鳥總混獲隻數為380隻，海鳥總目擊隻數為11,113 隻，海鳥混獲率 (bycatch per unit effort, BPUE) 最大值每千鉤為2.49 隻，最小值每千鉤為0 隻。以Poisson 估計之BPUE 均值每千鉤為0.0373，95 % 信賴區間每千鉤為[0.0336,0.0412]。影響模型顯著性的變數分別為: 年、餌料狀態與裝置避鳥繩。最終模式解釋變異GAM 小於GLM，顯示GAM 比GLM 對於解釋海鳥混獲之影響變因更適合。海鳥混獲易發生於未裝置避鳥繩、使用冷凍餌料及目擊隻數高者，因此，本研究建議漁船於高緯區作業的延繩釣漁船應使用解凍餌料、裝置避鳥繩等措施，以減少海鳥混獲之發生。

The impacts of fishing practices on marine biodiversity have drawn attention in recent years. The seabirds can be incidental caught while contending the baits with fishes, and this has caused the decreasing of some seabird populations. Observer data from 2004 to 2008 are used to analyze the interaction between seabirds and Taiwanese longline fisheries in the Pacific Ocean. We chose those possible related variables based on previous research to identify colinearity between factors by correlation analysis test. We also use stepwise regression to choose the best parameters for the model. Applying generalized linear Models(GLM) and generalized additive models (GAM) to find the influencing factors, we then selected the fitted model by Akaike information criterion(AIC). Among those 56 trips with 3,973 observation sets, 10,192 thousand hooks, three hundred and eighty seabirds are bycatch and 11,113 sighted seabirds. The seabirds bycatch rates is varied ranged from

0 to 2.49 per thousand hooks, and the estimated average was 0.0373 per thousand hooks (with 95 % confidence interval = 0.0336/1000 - 0.0412/1000). The significant factors included year, baits condition, tori lines and the number of seabird sighted. The final GAM model is better than GLM because of smaller explained deviance. Seabirds bycatch rates were higher in high latitude, without tori line and using freeze baits during fishing practice. We suggest longline vessels operating in high latitude should use thawed baits and set tori line to reduce seabirds bycatch.

2009 南太平洋入漁協定-以吐瓦魯與遠洋漁業國為例

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:37

南太平洋入漁協定-以吐瓦魯與遠洋漁業國為例 Fisheries Access Agreement in the South Pacific: Tuvalu and Distant Water Fishing Nations by 席歐斯 Fulitua Siaosi

漁業協定在許多開發中小島國經濟扮演重要角色，對於許多太平洋島國而言，入漁執照費可能占國家國內生產毛額(GDP)的30-40%。本研究主要目的有二：漁業協定對於吐瓦魯的影響，以及吐瓦魯應如何將其鮪漁業利潤最大化。

以「兩人非零和賽局」分析漁業協定的影響並評估個別國家的收益，過去研究顯示來自美國的收益最高，吐瓦魯向來以單船付費的方式議定雙邊協定，亦即船主負擔入漁執照費以及遵守相關規範，即可在吐瓦魯水域內作業。

本研究發現遠洋漁業國家的高收益主因為國際鮪魚市場價格高，加上漁獲多，使得收益增加，但對吐瓦魯而言，則必須仰賴高入漁船數以及總額支付的方式才能得到高入漁費，因此，在議定入漁協定內容時，倘能將鮪魚價格或者總容許捕撈量列入考量，則可能最大化吐瓦魯的入漁收入。

為確保資源永續以及最大利益，吐瓦魯應該建立規範以支持並促進資源的最佳利用，從開放式管理轉化為所有權管理。同時，核發執照時應依據最大可持續生產量所訂定的預定總容許捕撈量，來限定入漁執照數。

Fisheries agreement plays an important part in many small island countries economy. In most Pacific Island States, fishing license fees provide about 30 – 40% of revenues to their nation’s GDP. This research was focus on two main topics; the impact of fisheries agreement on Tuvalu’s welfare and how Tuvalu can maximize revenues from its tuna fisheries.

Two-person non-zero sum game was used to analyze the impacts of fisheries agreement and find out the payoffs each player has. It was reported in past reports that the high rate of revenues received is from the US. Bilateral agreements system used by Tuvalu is by per vessel payment; that is as long as the fisher pays its fishing license fees and meets the agreement and the region’s conditions he is allow to fish in Tuvalu waters.

This study finds out that distant water fishing nations (DWFNs) received higher revenues due to the prices of tuna in the international market; the higher the price of tuna and catches the higher the revenues, but for Tuvalu, the higher the access fees (lump sum payment) and higher number of fishing vessels the higher the total revenues received by Tuvalu. Taking into account the price of tuna during negotiation period or including in terms and conditions of the agreement and total allowable catch, it will maximize benefits received by Tuvalu.

To ensure sustainability of resources and maximizes benefits from tuna resources, Tuvalu should establish regulations that support and promote the optimum utilization of resource, and future researches should be conducting on the important of right base fishery management for Tuvalu. Moreover, the number of license offers should be limited, and should be based on a pre-determined TAC set on the MSY.

2009 南太平洋入漁協定-以吐瓦魯與遠洋漁業國為例

文章日期：2013-05-14 20:37

南太平洋入漁協定-以吐瓦魯與遠洋漁業國為例 Fisheries Access Agreement in the South Pacific: Tuvalu and Distant Water Fishing Nations by 席歐斯 Fulitua Siaosi

漁業協定在許多開發中小島國經濟扮演重要角色，對於許多太平洋島國而言，入漁執照費可能占國家國內生產毛額(GDP)的30-40%。本研究主要目的有二：漁業協定對於吐瓦魯的影響，以及吐瓦魯應如何將其鮪漁業利潤最大化。

以「兩人非零和賽局」分析漁業協定的影響並評估個別國家的收益，過去研究顯示來自美國的收益最高，吐瓦魯向來以單船付費的方式議定雙邊協定，亦即船主負擔入漁執照費以及遵守相關規範，即可在吐瓦魯水域內作業。

本研究發現遠洋漁業國家的高收益主因為國際鮪魚市場價格高，加上漁獲多，使得收益增加，但對吐瓦魯而言，則必須仰賴高入漁船數以及總額支付的方式才能得到高入漁費，因此，在議定入漁協定內容時，倘能將鮪魚價格或者總容許捕撈量列入考量，則可能最大化吐瓦魯的入漁收入。

為確保資源永續以及最大利益，吐瓦魯應該建立規範以支持並促進資源的最佳利用，從開放式管理轉化為所有權管理。同時，核發執照時應依據最大可持續生產量所訂定的預定總容許捕撈量，來限定入漁執照數。

Fisheries agreement plays an important part in many small island countries economy. In most Pacific Island States, fishing license fees provide about 30 – 40% of revenues to their nation’s GDP. This research was focus on two main topics; the impact of fisheries agreement on Tuvalu’s welfare and how Tuvalu can maximize revenues from its tuna fisheries.

Two-person non-zero sum game was used to analyze the impacts of fisheries agreement and find out the payoffs each player has. It was reported in past reports that the high rate of revenues received is from the US. Bilateral agreements system used by Tuvalu is by per vessel payment; that is as long as the fisher pays its fishing license fees and meets the agreement and the region’s conditions he is allow to fish in Tuvalu waters.

This study finds out that distant water fishing nations (DWFNs) received higher revenues due to the prices of tuna in the international market; the higher the price of tuna and catches the higher the revenues, but for Tuvalu, the higher the access fees (lump sum payment) and higher number of fishing vessels the higher the total revenues received by Tuvalu. Taking into account the price of tuna during negotiation period or including in terms and conditions of the agreement and total allowable catch, it will maximize benefits received by Tuvalu.

To ensure sustainability of resources and maximizes benefits from tuna resources, Tuvalu should establish regulations that support and promote the optimum utilization of resource, and future researches should be conducting on the important of right base fishery management for Tuvalu. Moreover, the number of license offers should be limited, and should be based on a pre-determined TAC set on the MSY.